Sample Four
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about employment in Japan. Choose the most suitable heading form the list AF for each numbered paragraph (4145). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] Women and Japanese companies
[B] Why men sometimes resign form Japanese companies
[C] Permanency in employment in Japan
[D] The social aspect of work
[E] The salary structure
[F] The recruitment strategy of foreign firms
Every autumn, when recruitment of new graduates and school leavers begins, major cities in Japan are flooded with students hunting for a job. Wearing suits for the first time, they run from one interview to another. The season is crucial for many students, as their whole lives may be determined during this period.
41
In Japan, lifetime employment is commonly practiced by large companies. While people working in small companies and those working for subcontractors do not in general enjoy the advantages conferred by the large companies, there is a general expectation that employees will in fact remain more or less permanently in the same job.
42
Wages are set according to educational background or initial field of employment, ordinary graduates being employed in administration, engineers in engineering and design departments and so on. Both promotions and wage increases tend to be tied to seniority, though some differences may arise later on as a result of ability and business performance. Wages are paid monthly, and the net sum, after the deduction of tax, is usually paid directly into a bank account. As well as salary, a bonus is usually paid twice a year.
43
Many female graduates complain that they are not given equal training and equal opportunity in comparison to male graduates. Japanese companies generally believe that female employees will eventually leave to get married and have children. It is also true that, as well as the stillexisting belief among women themselves that nothing should stand in the way of childrearing, the extended hours of work often do not allow women to continue their careers after marriage.
44
Disappointed careerminded female graduates often opt to work for foreign firms. Since most male graduates prefer to join Japanese firms with their guaranteed security, foreign firms are often keen to employ female graduates as their potential tends to be greater than that of male applicants.
45
Some men, however, do leave their companies in spite of future prospects, one reason being to take over the family business. The eldest sons in families that own family companies or businesses such as stores are normally expected to take over the business when their parents retire. It is therefore quite common to see a businessman, on succeeding to his parents’ business, completely change his professional direction by becoming, for example, a shopkeeper.
On the job, working relationships tend to be very close because of the long hours of work and years of service in common. Social life in fact is frequently based on the workplace. Restaurants and nomiya, “pubs”, are always crowded at night with people enjoying an evening out with their colleagues. Many companies organize trips and sports days for their employees. Senior staff often play the role of mentor. This may mean becoming involved in the lives of junior staff in such things as marriage and the children’s education.
Part C
Directions：
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）
The Revolutionary War， which began officially on April 19，1775， dragged on for more than six bitter years. （46） It was a conflict fought by the colonials for the righteous cause of securing freedom from intolerable British intervention in American affairs.
Maritime commerce was always an important factor in the war effort， and trade linkages were vital to supply of arms and ammunitions. When legal restrictions were implemented by both the British and the colonists in 1775， nearly all American overseas commerce abruptly ceased. By mid1775， the colonies faced acute shortages in such military essentials as powder， flints， muskets， and knives. Even salt， shoes， woolens， and linens were in short supply. （47） Late in 1775， Congress authorized limited trade with the West Indies， mainly to procure arms and ammunitions， and trade with other nonEnglish areas was on an unrestricted basis by the spring of 1776.
Nevertheless， the British maintained a fairly effective naval blockade of American ports， especially during the first two years of the war. Yet the colonies engaged in international trade despite the blockade. Formal treaties of commerce with France in 1778 and with Holland and Spain shortly thereafter stimulated the flows of overseas trade. Between 1778 and early 1782， American wartime commerce was at its zenith. During those years， France， Holland， Spain， and their possessions all actively traded with the colonies. Even so， the flow of goods in and out of the colonies remained well below prewar levels. Smuggling， privateering and legal trade with overseas partners only partially offset the drastic trade reductions with Britain. （48）Even the coastal trades were curtailed by a lack of vessels， by blockades， and by wartime freight rates. Britishoccupied ports， such as New York， generated some import activity but little or nothing in the way of exports.
As exports and imports fell， import substitution abounded， and the colonial economy became considerably more selfsufficient. In Philadelphia， for instance， nearly 4，000 women were employed to spin materials in their homes for the newly established textile plants. （49）A sharp increase also occurred in the number of artisan workshops with a similar stimulus in the production of beer， whiskey， and other domestic alcoholic beverages. The rechanneling of American resources into importcompeting industries was especially strong along the coast and in the major port cities. （50）Only the least commercialized rural areas remained little affected by the serpentine path of war and the sporadic flow of wartime commerce.
考试信息
热点排行
最近更新
考试辅导
网校辅导
面授培训
英语模拟题