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　　第十篇：How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear【如何让耳聋的人更容易听见】

　　Most people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. However,he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.

　　This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer,Maynard Solomon,takes a different view. ___1___. In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.

　　Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. They continue to"hear" music with as much,or greater,accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.

　　___2___. He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:"my former musical experiences began to play back to me.I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and real hearing. After many years,it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks,to ‘ hear' music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods. "

　　How is it that the world we see,touch,hear,and smell is both "out there" and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant. ___3___.However,it might be possible to use the brain's remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.

　　When Michael Edgar first"switched on" his cochlear implant,the sounds he heard were not at all clear. Gradually,with much hard work,he began to identify everyday sounds. For example,"The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.”

　　The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. When people spoke to Eagar,he heard their voices "coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection.”But when it came to his beloved music,the implant was of no help.___4___.He said,"I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time. The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added'clarity' to hearing in my head.”

　　Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect,but which can change their lives.___5___.Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.

　　文章中文翻译：

　　如何让耳聋的人更容易听见

　　大多数人把贝多芬的听力受损看作是他在作曲过程中的障碍。然而，他的最有力量的作品正是在他人生的最后十年里创作出来的，那时他完全耳聋。

　　这是最值得称道的用意志战胜不幸的案例之一，但是他的传记作家梅纳德•所罗门却持不同的观点。梅纳德认为，贝多芬的耳聋“促进了他作为作曲家的成就，在他完全耳聋的世界里，他能够摆脱外在世界声音的干扰，自向地创作新的表现形式与和声。”

　　听力受损似乎不会影响失聪的音乐家的音乐才能。他们能继续“听见”音乐，与他们能真正听见音乐相比，他们“听”得同样甚至更准确。

　　2003年去世的迈克尔•伊加，在他2l岁时失聪。他曾经描绘过一幅发生在三个月内的迷人的事情：“我之前的音乐经历开始在脑中同放，我无法区别真正听到的和曾经听过的东西。许多年以后，听到这些同放，听见’对我来说是新鲜的音乐，为我所有的情绪找到伴唱仍然是值得的。”

　　我们所看见的、触摸到的、听见的和闻到的世界是如何既“在外面”同时又在我们的内心?把外在刺激和在内在感知相结合的最好的例子就是耳蜗植入。没有任何人工的装置能代替听觉能力。但是，利用大脑非凡的能力来理解植入物产生的电信号还是有可能的。

　　当迈克尔•伊加最先“开启”他的人工耳蜗时，他听到的声音一点儿都不清楚。在艰苦的努力下，他渐渐地开始辨认…日常的声音，比如他说道“电话的持续响声几乎是立刻就变得清晰了”。

　　耳蜗植入最主要的口的就是能够与人交流。当人们与伊加交谈时，他能听到他们的嗓音“像是从连接不好的长途电话中传来的”。但是当提到他钟爱的音乐时，耳蜗植入就毫无用处。每当伊加想要欣赏音乐时，他就开始弹钢琴。他说“我像往常那样弹奏钢琴，同时在头脑中听见它。我手指的移动以及对音调的感觉使得头脑中的声音更加‘清晰’。”

　　耳蜗植入让失聪的人以一种不完美的方式再次听见声音，但是它改变了他们的生活。尽管如此，正如迈克尔•伊加发现的那样，当涉及音乐和声时，听力就无关紧要了。甚至是最令人惊奇的耳蜗植入对贝多芬来说也毫无用处，因为他在他生命的最后阶段创作了他的第九交响曲。