2014年职称英语综合类考前三天押题四4.2

发布时间:2014-03-19 共4页

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  Technology Transfer in Germany

  When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success, few nations can match Germany. Since the 1940s, the nation's vast industrial base has been fed constant stream of new ideas and expertise from science. And though German prosperity (繁荣) has faltered (衰退) over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline, it still has an enviable record for turning ideas into profit.

  Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society, a network of research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought-after technologies. But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition. Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer, and technology parks are springing up all over. These efforts are being complemented by the federal programmes for pumping money into start-up companies.

  Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success, but it is not without its critics. These people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic science, eventually starving industry of fresh ideas. If every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur(企业家), the argument goes, then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity-driven, free and widely available will suffer. Others claim that many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years.

  While this debate continues, new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany's research networks, which bear famous names such as Helmholtz, Max Planck and Leibniz. Yet it is the fourth network, the Fraunhofer Society, that plays the greatest role in technology transfer.

  Founded in 1949, the Fraunhofer Society is now Europe's largest organisation for applied technology, and has 59 institutes employing 12,000 people. It continues to grow. Last year, it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin. Today, there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia.

  31What factor can be attributed to German prosperity?

  ATechnology transfer.

  BGood management.

  CHard work.

  DFierce competition.

  32Which of the following is NOT true of traditional university research?

  AIt is free.

  BIt is profit-driven.

  CIt is widely available.

  DIt is curiosity-driven.

  33The Fraunhofer Society is the largest organisation for applied technology in

  AAsia.

  BUSA.

  CEurope.

  DAfrica.

  34When was the Fraunhofer Society founded?

  AIn 1940.

  BLast year.

  CAfter the unification.

  DIn 1949.

  35The word "expertise" in line 3 could be best replaced by

  A"experts".

  B"scientists".

  C"scholars".

  D"special knowledge".

  My Fast Job

  I was six when I joined my father and two elder brothers at sunrise in the hayfields of Eufaula, Oklahoma. By the time I was eight I was helping Dad fix up low-income rental properties. He gave me a penny for every nail I pulled out of old boards.

  I got my first real job, at JM's Restaurant in town, when I was 12. My main responsibilities were clearing tables and washing dishes, but sometimes I helped cook.

  Every day after school I would head to JM's and work until ten. Saturdays I worked from two until eleven. At that age it was unlucky going to work and watching my friends run off to swim or play. I didn't necessarily like work, but I loved what working allowed me to have. Because of my job I was always the one buying when my friends and I went to the local bar Tastee Freez. This made me proud.

  Word that I was honest and hardworking got around town. A local clothing store extended credit to me although I was only in the seventh grade. I immediately charged a $ 68 sports coat and a $ 22 pair of trousers. I was making only 65 cents an hour, and I was already $ 90 in debt! So I learned early the danger of easy credit. I paid it off as soon as I could.

  My first job taught me discipline, responsibility and brought me a level of personal satisfaction few of my friends had experienced. As my father, who worked three jobs, once told me, "If you understand sacrifice and commitment, there are not many things in life you can't have." How right he was!

  36 When the author was a child, he was made to help his father work because___________

  A the restaurant was short of hands.

  B his family belonged to the low-income group.

  C he wanted to earn some money.

  D he was stronger than his two brothers.

  37At the age of 12, the author got a job at a restaurant and often worked till late at night because___________

  A he liked that work.

  B he didn't like playing.

  C he was hard-working.

  D he felt rewarded by doing that work.

  38The word "Word" in the sentence "Word that I was honest and-hard-working got around town in the fourth paragraph means___________

  A statement.

  B advice.

  C news.

  D promise.

  39When the author was in the seventh grade, he was in debt because___________

  A he did not work any more.

  B he bought clothes on credit.

  C he was charged too much for the sports coat.

  D he made little money at that time.

  40 What does the author want to tell the reader by this text?

  A If you know sacrifice and responsibility, you can have many things in life.

  B Children from poor families usually have a very unhappy childhood.

  C Children should be made to work and earn some money by themselves.

  D You will learn discipline and responsibility by working early in life.

  attitudes to aids now

  most people say that the usa is making progress in fighting aids, but they don’t know there’s no cure and strongly disagree that "the aids epidemic is over," a new survey finds.

  the findings, released thursday by the kaiser family foundation, reassure activists who have worried that public concern about aids might disappear in light of recent news about advances in treatment and declines in deaths.

  "while people are very optimistic about the advances, they’re still realistic about the fact that there is no cure" says sophia chang, director of hiv programs at the foundation.

  the kaiser survey, like a recent usa today gallup poll, does find that the number of people ranking aids as the country’s top health problem has fallen. in the kaiser poll, 38% say it’s the top concern, down from 44% in a 1996 poll; in the gallup poll, 29% say aids in no.1, down from 41% in 1992 and 67% in 1987.

  other findings from kaiser, which polled more than 1,200 adults in september and october and asked additional questions of another 1,000 adults in november:

  52% say the country is making progress against aids, up from 32% in 1995.

  52% say the government spends too little on aids.

  86% correctly say aids drugs can now lengthen lives; an equal number correctly say that the drugs are not cures.

  67% incorrectly say that aids deaths increased or stayed the same in the past year; 24% know deaths fell.

  daniel zingale, director of aids action council, says, "i’m encouraged that the american people are getting the message that the aids epidemic isn’t over. i hope the decision-makers in washington are getting the same message… we have seen signs of complacency.

  41. what do activists worry about?

  a) recent news about aids is not true.

  b) people may stop worrying about aids.

  c) deaths caused by aids may not decline.

  d) advances in aids treatment are too slow.

  42. according to the passage, people’s attitude toward the cure of aids is

  a) optimistic.

  b) realistic.

  c) pessimistic.

  d) hopeless.

  43. the gallup poll shows that the number of people

  a) who suffer from the worst disease--- aids has fallen.

  b) who think aids threatens the countryside has fallen.

  c) who worry about aids and health problems has fallen.

  d) who think aids is the country’s top health killer has fallen.

  44. according to the kaiser poll, which of the following is not correct?

  a) the country is making progress against aids.

  b) aids drugs still cannot save people’s lives.

  c) aids drugs can now make people live longer.

  d) more and more people die of aids now.

  45. the work "massage" in the last paragraph means

  a) printed new.

  b) contact.

  c) meaning.

  d) central idea.

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