第四部分：阅读理解（每题3分，共45分）

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。

第1篇

Medical Journals

Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals．

In the past，these journals were available only in print．With the development of electronic/publishing，many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet，and some journals/publish only online．A few medical journals，like the Journal of the American Medical Association，are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine．Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine．

Medical journals/publish many types of articles．Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments．Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature．

Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors，combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing，diagnosing or treating a particular disease．Case conferences and case reports may be/published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat at them．Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors，often regarding a research or review article/published in the same issue．

Editorials provide perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic．Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments， questions or criticisms about articles/published in that journal．

1． The main readers of medical journals are

A)the general public．
B1healthprofessionals． ，
C)medical critics．
D、news reporters．

2． Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Many medical journals also/publish online．
B)A few medical journals are general medical journals．
C)Most medical journals/publish only online．
D)Most medical journals are specialty journals．

3. How many major types of articles are mentioned in the passage?

A)Five．
B)Seven．
C)Four．
D)Six．

4. An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called

A)a research article．
B)a review article．
C)a case report．
D)an editorial．

5．Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on

A)any medical event．
B) articles/published in the same issue．
C)articles/published in that journal
D)medical development．

第2篇Common Problems, Common Solutions

The chances are that you made up your mind about smoking a long time ago --- and decided it’s not for you.

The chances are equally good that you know a lot of smokers -- there are, after all about 60 million of them, work with them, and get along with them very well.
And finally it’s a pretty safe bet that you’re open-minded and interested in all the various issues about smokers and nonsmokers -- or you wouldn’t be reading this.
And those three things make you incredibly important today.

Because they mean that yours is the voice -- not the smoker’s and not the anti-smoker’s --that will determine how much of society’s efforts should go into building walls that separate us and how much into the search for solutions that bring us together.

For one tragic result of the emphasis on building walls is the diversion of millions of dollars from scientific research on the causes and cures of diseases which, when all is said and done, still strike the nonsmoker as well as the smoker. One prominent health organization, to cite but a single instance, now spends 28 cents of every publicly contributed dollar on " education " (much of it in anti-smoking propaganda) and only 2 cents on research.

There will always be some who want to build walls, who want to separate people from people, and up to a point, even these may serve society. The anti-smoking wall-builders have, to give them their due, helped to make us all more keenly aware of choice.

But our guess, and certainly our hope, is that you are among the far greatest number who know that walls are only temporary at best, and that over the long run, we can serve society’s interest better by working together in mutual accommodation.
Whatever virtue walls may have, they can never move our society toward fundamental solutions. People who work together on common problems, common solutions, can.

1. What does the word " wall " used in the passage mean?
A) Anti-smoking propaganda.
B) Diseases striking nonsmokers as well as smokers.
C) Rules and regulations that prohibit smoking.
D) Separation of smokers from nonsmokers.

2. In paragraph 4, " you " refers to
A) smokers.
B) nonsmokers.
C) anti-smokers.
D) smokers who have quitted smoking.

3. It is evident that the author is not in favor of
A) building a wall between smokers and nonsmokers.
B) doing scientific research at the expense of one’s health.
C) bringing smokers and nonsmokers together.
D) proving accommodation for smokers.

4. As is suggested, the common solution to the common problem is
A) to separate people from people.
B) to work together in mutual accommodation.
C) to make us more keenly aware of choice.
D) to serve society’s interests better.

5. According to the passage, the writer looks upon the anti-smoking wall-builders’ actions
A) optimistically.
B) pessimistically.
C)unconcernedly.
D) skeptically.

第3篇Eady or Later Day Care

The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parems duringThe sensitive“attachment”period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality andI premspose to emotional problems in later life．Some people have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails，and many people do believe this.But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion． Firstly，anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parems；found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies．For example，in some tribal societies，such as the Ngoni，the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone―far from it’．Secondly，common sense tells US that day care would not be so widespread today if parents
care-takers found children had problems with it．Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out，and even if they were，the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial．Thirdly．in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care，and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neural or slighfly positive effect on children’S development．But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.

But Bowlby’S analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects．The possibility that such care might 1cad tO，say，more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later Callonly be explored by the use of statistics．Whatever the long―term effects，parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with。．Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness．At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time．The matter，then，is far from clear-cuff，though experxence and available evidence indicate that earl care is reasonable for lnfants．

词汇：

psychoanalyst n．精神分析学家一心理分析学家 insulate vt．隔绝
rear vt．抚养 predispose引起易感性
care taker n.照顾者，看管人 entail／in。tell／vt．蕴涵
infant n．婴儿 anthropologist n．人类学家

练习：

1． Which of the following statements would Bowlby support?
A)Statistical studies should be carried out to assess the positive effect of day car
for children at the age of three or older．

B)Early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children．
C)The first three years of one’s life is extremely important to the laterdevelopmentofpersonality．

D)Children under three get used to the life at nursery schools more readily than childrenover three

2． Which of the following is derivable from Bowlby’S work?

A)Mothers should not send their children to day care centers before the age of three．
B)Day care nurseries have positive effects on a child’S development．
C)A child sent to a day care center before the age of three may have emotional problems
in laterlife．
D)Daycarewouldnotbe SOpopularffithasnoticeablenegativeeffects onachild，Spersonality．

3． It is suggested that modem societies differ from traditional societies in that

A)the parents―child relationship is more exclusive in modem societies．
B)a child more often grows up with his(her brothers or sisters in traditional societies．
C)mother brings up children with the help of her husband in traditional societies．
D)children in modem societies are more likely to develop mental illness in later years

4． Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlby,s theonr?

A)Many studies show that day care has a positive effect on children’S development．
B)The fact that there are so many nursery schools today shows that day care is safe．
C)The separation of young children from their parents is common in some traditional
societies．
D)Parentsfindtheimmediate effects ofearlyday caredifficultto dealwith．

5 Which of the following best expresses the writer’S attitude towards early day care?

A)Children under three should stay with their parents．
B)Early day care has positive effects on children’s development．
C)The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics．
D)Theeffectsofearlydaycareon children areexaggeratedandparents shouldignoretheissue．

参考答案:

第1篇

1. B．分析：细节题。问题问及“医疗杂志的主要读者”，借助题干中的main readers作为答案线索，这样发现答案相关句：Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals．（该句间接的回答了问题―向内科医生和其他健康专家提供医疗信息，所以答案是B。）

2． C．分析：细节题。发现被选项在内容上都是涉及到“医疗杂志的出版”，所以借?publish作为答案线索，这样发现答案相关句：many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet（该句与A内容一致），and some journals/publish only online．（该句直接与C矛盾）A few medical journals，like the Journal of the American Medical Association，are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine．（该句与B内容一致）Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine．（该句与D内容一致）

3. A． 分析：细节题。该题涉及到文章类型。注意文章中提及文章类型的句子。这样发现答案相关句：Medical journals/publish many types of articles．Research articles report the results of …Review articles summarize and analyze ..．Case conferences and case reports may be/published in medical journals ..Editorials provide perspective on ..．Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of ..

4. B．分析：细节题。利用题干中的核心结构different studies on the same topic作为答案线索，这样找到答案相关句：Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature．（该句说“综述文章是在对医学文献进行了仔细的查询后找出的有关某一具体主题的信息进行汇总和分析”）Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors，combining results from different studies on the same topic （“对于同一主题的不同研究结果的汇总”在含义上与上句“综述文章”的目的一致，因此判断B是答案。）can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing，diagnosing or treating a particular disease．

5． C． 分析：借助题干中的核心结构Letters to the editor和express comments on作为答案线索，这样在文章最后部分找到答案相关句：Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments， questions or criticisms about articles/published in that journal。（该句内容直接回答了问题：对杂志上发表的文章进行评论，提出问题或提出批评意见）

第2篇

1．D．问题问“文章中的墙指代什么？”。利用wall这个线索词在文章中发现了位于第5段中答案相关句--- “。。把我们（和吸烟者）分开的墙..。家族词的出现也是确认答案的线索：该题中separate在原文中 ---- separation在备选答案中。

2．D．问题问“第4段中you 指代什么？”。You从第1段就开始出现，所以应指第1段中所说的“已经放弃吸烟的吸烟者”。

3．A．该题问“很明显作者不主张什么？”。文章的最后一段说“无论什么样的道德墙都未曾，也不能推动我们的社会去解决基本的问题。”，可见作者很反对wall的建立。而只有A提到了wall，所以选择A。

4．B． 该题问“正如在文章中所表明的那样，普通问题的普通解决的方法应该是..”。在第8段中可以找到答案。

5．D．该题问“作者对建立吸烟隔离墙的行为的态度是什么？”。D “怀疑的”最合适。

第3篇

1．c 波比认为，孩子从出生到三岁这段时间是一个敏感的“依恋”期。三岁以下的
孩子如与父母分开可能会给孩子的性格造成伤害，进而导致以后的情感问题。因此可以认为波比会同意C

2．A C是波比的思想，而不是依据他的思想得出的结论，因此不对。第一段的第二句话说：一些人从波比的研究得出结论，日托要使父母和孩子分开，孩子三岁之前不应该送日托。因此A是正确答案。

3．A 第二段的第一句话说：人类学家指出，现代社会中父母与孩子之间的绝缘的爱的关系在传统社会中一般不存在。insulated(绝缘的)一词与A中的exclusive(排他的)相呼应。文章只是在第二段的第一句中提到传统社会，仅从这句话不能推断出B、C、D。

4．D 第二段列出了三条论据反对波比的理论。这三条论据分别对应C、B、A。“父母们觉得眼前的后果难以应付”不是反对波比理论的论据。

5．c 作者中立地报道了对日托的两种不同看法，并指出缺乏统计研究。特别是在第三段的第二句话中提出，日托是否会在15或20年后导致精神病或犯罪只能用统计的方法来研究。因此C是正确答案。