第五个题型：翻译
从2003年10月份开始，北京市成人三级英语统考，增加了英汉互译这个题型。新修订的三级英语纲对翻译技巧的要求是：
英译汉：能翻译难度低于课文的文章，理解正确，语速为每小时三百个英文单词。
汉译英：能将内容熟悉的汉语译成英语，没有重大语言错误，语速为每小时二百五十个单词。
英译汉翻译
1．英译汉翻译技巧
英译汉是前面阅读理解中划线的五个句子，相对容易，根据上下文翻译。
从宏观来讲，英译汉的过程包括理解、表达、校对三个阶段。理解就是要通读全文，分析划线部分的句子结构，并理解其含义；表达就是在理解的基础上进行直译或意译。
1．直译
句子安排跟汉语基本一致。
例1：In the first place, television is not only a convenience source of entertainment, but also a comparatively cheap one.
直译：首先，电视不仅是便捷的，而且是廉价的娱乐。
例2：He didn’t buy that coat yesterday because he hadn’t enough money.
直译：他没有买那件上衣昨天，因为他没有带足够的钱。
２．意译:
意译的句子就需要我们把句子做相应的调整，必须在正确理解的基础上重新遣辞造句，甚至要改变原来的句子结构，然后把原文的意思通顺地译下来。
例1：A solid fuel, like coal or wood, can only burn at the surface, where it comes into contact with the air.
像煤或者木头这样的固体燃料只能在表面燃烧，因为只有表面接触空气。
例 2：Computers, which have many advantages, can not carry out creative work and replace man.
尽管电脑有很多优势，也不能代替人进行创造性工作。
例3：They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which many Chinese have laid down their lives.
他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，许多中国人曾为这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
３．直译和意译组合。
句子结构基本保持不变，要改变的往往是个别的句子成分。
例1：The new designs should offer even greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place.
新的设计应使地震频发的城市更为安全（even greater security）。
例2：We can surely overcome these difficulties so long as we are closely united.
只要我们紧密地团结一致，一定能克服这些困难的。
英译汉微观的翻译技巧：
1、选词用字：指的是对原文正确理解的基础上，选择正确的用词。
例1：His eyes sparked with fury.
spark （动词）发火花，发电花； （名词）火花，火星。
fury （名词）狂怒。
他两眼冒着怒火。
例2：Every life has its roses and thorns.
rose 玫瑰； thorn 刺，荆棘。
生活有苦也有甜。
2、增益法：主要是指增加原文中无其形而有其意的字。
例1：The war made a man of him.
make a……of sb 把某人变成一个……
战争把他锻炼成一个堂堂的男人。
例2：Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
读书使人充实，辩论使人机智，写作使人精确。
例3：We won’t attack unless attacked.
这里面unless后面省略了we are.翻译的时候同样要补充上。
人不犯我，我不犯人。
3、省略法：根据需要省略形式主语、形式宾语、系动词、代词、连词、冠词、以及重复的名词、动词等。
例1：Off with your shoes before entering this holy building!
在进入这所神圣的殿堂之前，请把鞋脱掉。
例2： We agreed in this article but not in that one.
我们在这一条款上是一致的，但在另一条款上有分歧。
例3：It will be all right, if he’s awake. And if not?
如果他睡醒了，那很好。但是如果没有呢？
4、词类转换法，指把原文当中词的词性译成中文时转换成其它词性。
例1：In fact, he is a great admirer of the Americans.
翻译时句子中的：great形容词变成副词；admirer 名词变成动词。
他对美国人佩服得五体投地。
例2：I didn’t see what he meant.
翻译时句子中的： mean动词变成名词。
不明白他的意思。
例3：There is no escaping from history.
翻译时句子中的： escaping 词性是动名词变成动词。
任何事物都逃脱不了历史的裁决。
5、正反互译：是指为了符合中文的表达习惯，要把英文的肯定变成中文的否定式；或者把英文的否定式变成中文的肯定式。
例1：She is too clever to let herself be cheated by the boy’s words.
她很聪明，她决不会被那个男孩儿的话所骗。
例2：I wish the speaker would confine himself to the subject.
我希望那个演讲者不要跑神儿。
例3：I didn’t go to bed until my mother came back.
我一直到母亲回来才去睡觉。
例4：You will not get any current until you connect up the cells of the battery.
你把电池组连接起来才能有电。
例5：You are a student, aren’t you?
你是一个学生，对吗？
6、词序颠倒法：为了便于表达，要将原文中的词序或句子成分顺序颠倒。
例1：Five times what number makes twenty?
什么数的五倍是二十？
例2：The teacher allocated a part to each boy in the play.
老师给每个男孩儿都分配了一个戏中的角色。
2．英译汉示例
A.
Once outside the atmosphere, however, man is no longer protected, and radiation can be harmful in a number of ways. A distinction must be drawn between the short- and long-term effects of radiation. The former are merely unpleasant, but just because an astronaut returning from a journey in space does not seem to have been greatly harmed, we cannot assume that he is safe. The long-term effects can be extremely serious, even leading to death.
一旦进入大气层外，人们就得不到保护，辐射可能给人带来各种形式的危害。
One solution to the dangers of radiation is to protect the spaceship by putting some kind of shield around it. This was in fact done on the Apollo spaceships which landed on the moon. But this solution is not possible for longer journeys-to Mars for example-because the shield would need to be very large, and could not be carried. Another solution, not in fact possible at present, would be to surround the spaceship with a magnetic field to deflect the radiation. In all, we have to conclude that there is at present no complete solution to the problem of radiation.
解决辐射危害的一个方法，就是通过覆盖某种防护物来保护飞船。
B．
The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at. Modern travelers enjoy a level of comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in the old days couldn’t have dreamed of. But what’s the sense of this mass exchange of populations if the nations of the world remain basically ignorant of each other?
但是如果世界上的民族相互之间仍然不了解，这样的大规模的人口交流又有什么意义？
Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous. Wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact that all people are human. We are all similar to each other and at the same time all unique.
随意地下结论能引起民族仇恨，使我们认识不到这个基本的事实——所有的民族都是平等的。
C．
Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway byelaws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities.
许多人假称他们从没有看过广告，这种说法非常值得怀疑。在当今，不看广告几乎是不可能的。他们也真搞笑！
We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!
我们也一定不能忘记，广告对我们的钱袋子确实做出了贡献。
Another thing we mustn’t forget is the “small ads.” which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the “hatch, match and dispatch” column .
另一件我们不该忘记的是“小广告”，实际上在每份报纸和杂志中都可看到。这些小广告为整个社会提供了多少有益的服务啊！
