Dr. Thomas Starzl, like all the pioneers of organ transplant, had tO live with failure.When he performed the world's first liver transplant 25 years ago, the patient, a three-year-old boy, died on the operating table. The next four patients did not live long enough to get out of the hospital. But more determined, than discouraged, Starzl and his colleagues went back to their lab at the University of Colorado Medical School. They devised(发明)techniques to reduce the heavy bleeding during surgery, and they worked on better ways to prevent the recipient' s immune system(免疫系统) from rejecting the organ- an ever-present risk. Now, thanks to further refinements, about two thirds of all liver-transplant patients are living more than a year.
But the triumphs of the transplant surgeons have created another tragic problem: a severe shortage of donor organs. "More and more people go on the waiting lists and there is wide disparity(差异)between supply and need," says one doctor. The American Council on Transplantation estimates that on any given day 15,000 Americans are waiting for or-gans. There is no shortage of actual organs; each year about 25,000 healthy people die un-expectedly in the United States, usually in accidents. The problem is that fewer than 20% become donors.
This trend persists despite laws designed to encourage organ recycling. Under the federal Anatomical Gift Act, a person can authorize the use of his organs after death by signing a statement. Legally, the next of kin can veto(否决)these posthumous(死后的)gifts, but surveys indicate that 70% to 80% of the public would not interfere with a family member's decision. The bigger roadblock, according to some experts, is that physicians do not ask for donations, either because they fear offending grieving survivors or because they still regard some transplant procedures as experimental.
When there are not enough organs to go around, distributing the available ones be-comes a matter of deciding who will live and who will die. Once donors and potential recip-ients have been matched for body size and blood type, the sickest patients customarily go to the top of the local waiting list. Besides the seriousness of the patient's condition, doc-tors base their choice on such criteria as the length of time the patient has been waiting and how long it will take to obtain an organ.
31. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A. All the patients whom Dr. Starzl operated on died on the operating table.
B. To Dr. Starzl, it was very discouraging that his first liver transplant operation failed.
C. Many doctors had performed liver transplant before Starzl,
D. Dr. Starzl did not give up though he had failed in his attempts.
32. One frequent danger in organ transplantation is__________
A. heavy bleeding during surgery.
B. destruction of patients' immune system.
C. patients' objection of taking organs from others.
D. doctors' lack of confidence.
33. Nowadays two thirds of all liver-transplant can live__________
A. not long enough to get out the hospital.
B. about one year.
C. at least one year.
D. less than one year.
34. There would.be many more organ donors if__________
A. laws are designed to encourage organ recycling.
B. people cannot legally prevent a family member from donating his organ.
C. doctors are more willing to ask for donations.
D. transplant surgery is more successful.
35. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A. Dr. Starzl and Transplant Surgeons
B. Transplant Surgery in the US
C. The Future of Transplant Surgery
D. Transplant Surgery and Shortage of Organs
参考译文
跟所有进行器官移植手术的先驱一样，Thomas Starzl医生不得不承受失败。25年前，当他进行世界上第一例肝脏移植手术时，接受手术的三岁小患者死在了手术台上。接下来的四名接受器官移植的患者也未能活着走出医院。但是，Starzl和他的同事并没有气馁，们的决心反而更加坚定了，他们又回到了科罗拉多大学医学院的实验室里进行钻研。他们发明了一些技术用于减少病人在手术中的出血量，并且研究出更好的方法来防止病人的免疫系统对植入器官的排斥——是手术中经常会出现的危险。如今，因为有了这些进一步的改进，在所有的接受肝脏移植手术的患者中，有2／3的人能活过一年。
但是，外科医生在器官移植手术上取得的成功引起了另外一个悲剧性问题：捐赠器官的严重缺乏。有医生曾表示：“越来越多的人在等待接受手术，而器官的供求差异悬殊。美国的器官移植委员会估计，大约每天有1.5万名美国人在等待着器官以进行移植手术。事实上缺的不是器官；每年美国大约有2.5万名健康人死于非命，一般都是因事故死亡。而问题在于，这些人中，只有不到20%的人会成为器官捐赠者。
即使人们制定了法律来鼓励器官的重新利用，现有的事态还在继续。根据《联邦解剖捐赠法案》的规定，通过签署一项声明，一个人可以指定其死后器官的用途。从法律角度
But the triumphs of the transplant surgeons have created another tragic problem: a severe shortage of donor organs. "More and more people go on the waiting lists and there is wide disparity(差异)between supply and need," says one doctor. The American Council on Transplantation estimates that on any given day 15,000 Americans are waiting for or-gans. There is no shortage of actual organs; each year about 25,000 healthy people die un-expectedly in the United States, usually in accidents. The problem is that fewer than 20% become donors.
This trend persists despite laws designed to encourage organ recycling. Under the federal Anatomical Gift Act, a person can authorize the use of his organs after death by signing a statement. Legally, the next of kin can veto(否决)these posthumous(死后的)gifts, but surveys indicate that 70% to 80% of the public would not interfere with a family member's decision. The bigger roadblock, according to some experts, is that physicians do not ask for donations, either because they fear offending grieving survivors or because they still regard some transplant procedures as experimental.
When there are not enough organs to go around, distributing the available ones be-comes a matter of deciding who will live and who will die. Once donors and potential recip-ients have been matched for body size and blood type, the sickest patients customarily go to the top of the local waiting list. Besides the seriousness of the patient's condition, doc-tors base their choice on such criteria as the length of time the patient has been waiting and how long it will take to obtain an organ.
31. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A. All the patients whom Dr. Starzl operated on died on the operating table.
B. To Dr. Starzl, it was very discouraging that his first liver transplant operation failed.
C. Many doctors had performed liver transplant before Starzl,
D. Dr. Starzl did not give up though he had failed in his attempts.
32. One frequent danger in organ transplantation is__________
A. heavy bleeding during surgery.
B. destruction of patients' immune system.
C. patients' objection of taking organs from others.
D. doctors' lack of confidence.
33. Nowadays two thirds of all liver-transplant can live__________
A. not long enough to get out the hospital.
B. about one year.
C. at least one year.
D. less than one year.
34. There would.be many more organ donors if__________
A. laws are designed to encourage organ recycling.
B. people cannot legally prevent a family member from donating his organ.
C. doctors are more willing to ask for donations.
D. transplant surgery is more successful.
35. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A. Dr. Starzl and Transplant Surgeons
B. Transplant Surgery in the US
C. The Future of Transplant Surgery
D. Transplant Surgery and Shortage of Organs
参考译文
跟所有进行器官移植手术的先驱一样，Thomas Starzl医生不得不承受失败。25年前，当他进行世界上第一例肝脏移植手术时，接受手术的三岁小患者死在了手术台上。接下来的四名接受器官移植的患者也未能活着走出医院。但是，Starzl和他的同事并没有气馁，们的决心反而更加坚定了，他们又回到了科罗拉多大学医学院的实验室里进行钻研。他们发明了一些技术用于减少病人在手术中的出血量，并且研究出更好的方法来防止病人的免疫系统对植入器官的排斥——是手术中经常会出现的危险。如今，因为有了这些进一步的改进，在所有的接受肝脏移植手术的患者中，有2／3的人能活过一年。
但是，外科医生在器官移植手术上取得的成功引起了另外一个悲剧性问题：捐赠器官的严重缺乏。有医生曾表示：“越来越多的人在等待接受手术，而器官的供求差异悬殊。美国的器官移植委员会估计，大约每天有1.5万名美国人在等待着器官以进行移植手术。事实上缺的不是器官；每年美国大约有2.5万名健康人死于非命，一般都是因事故死亡。而问题在于，这些人中，只有不到20%的人会成为器官捐赠者。
即使人们制定了法律来鼓励器官的重新利用，现有的事态还在继续。根据《联邦解剖捐赠法案》的规定，通过签署一项声明，一个人可以指定其死后器官的用途。从法律角度
