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　　3.3指代清晰性：

　　① 每一个代词都只能有一个清晰的先行词

　　每一个代词必须清楚指带唯一的一个指代对象

　　Researchers claim to have developed new Nano papers incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which they allege give them the strength of cast iron.

　　从逻辑语意上说：they指代 Researchers ; them 指代 Nano Papers

　　但是从实际语法上来说 they和them可以同时指代Researchers或者Papers

　　Researchers claim to have developed new nano papers incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which allegedly give these materials the strength of cast iron.

　　② 按照逻辑意思指代

　　For the first time in the modern era, non-Hispanic Whites are officially a minority in California, which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly there-quarters only a decade ago.

　　A. which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters only a decade ago

　　B. amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters a decade ago

　　B 正确;A的话就近指代California; 但是amounting这里指的是non-Hispanic white

　　③ 代词一般指代离其最近的名词，但不能过于近了

　　EG: In the station house，it is considered taboo it不能指代station house

　　3.4指代简洁性

　　① 指代是否有必要 代词出现的平行位置(主谓宾)相同，可视为相同指代、

　　Unlike human runners, who broke the four-minute mile in 1954 and they consistently recorded faster times ever since, horses in classic races such as the Kentucky Derby have had winning times with little improvement: Secretariat’s world-record-breaking Derby tine of 1:59 2/5, for example, was set in 1973 and remained unsurpassed more than a quarter of a century later.

　　a. they consistently recorded faster times ever since, horses in classic races such as the Kentucky Derby have had winning times with little improvement

　　b. have consistently recorded faster times ever since, in those of classic races such as the Kentucky Derby, horses have had winning times with little improvement

　　B 正确;其中A中的they和前面得who对应 语义重复;

　　② which和that只能指代物;who和whom可以指代

　　③ it 作为形式主语必须明确的指不定式短语或that从句，且必须简洁不能冗余

　　That educators have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said that it is their fault: Ah/in Toffler, one of the most prominent students of the future, did not even mention microcomputers in Future Shock, published in 1970.

　　a. It can hardly be said that it is the fault of educators who have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology

　　b. It can hardly be said that educators are at fault for not anticipating the impact of microcomputer technology

　　B正确; A的话，it is 没有指代;而且相比较B，A更加��嗦

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　　3.5指代问题

　　① THERE 副词 in that place 前面指代必须是介词短语

　　there如果做代词代指某个地方时，前面一定要提到这个地方

　　EG At current prices, oil in Antarctica may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental concerns addressed.

　　THERE指代In Antarctica

　　② Itself, themselves, one another, each other,

　　一般表强调其指代的名词;

　　After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved it

　　After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved itself.

　　相互代词 one another 和 each other用来去暗示之间的相互作用;不能和themselves替换

　　(W) The guests at the party interacted with themselves.

　　(R) The guests at the party interacted with one another.

　　③ Such and Other/Another

　　以上三个代词一般在后面跟一个概括性的名词指代前面的名词。

　　After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any such contracts to debate in the future

　　④ one：指代具有非定义性，且只能指代单数

　　指不确定的一个，或者就一个

　　After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat one. 巧克力中一个

　　After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat them. 前面的巧克力

　　⑤ do so和 do it

　　Do so :可以指代整个的动作，包含谓语动词，宾语和修饰语

　　Q did not eat dinner quickly, but her brotherdoes so.指代eat dinner quickly(so可省略)

　　Do it : it 必须指代一个确切的名词

　　Q failed to do the homework, but his brother did it.指代前面的homework.

　　Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ate it.