1、成本差异

　　英文原文：International trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that crossing a national border typically involves additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays, and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system, or a different culture.

　　注释：typically: (typical) 代表性地，典型地 costly: (cost) 昂贵的, 代价(费用)高的, 费用大的 domestic trade：国内贸易 national border: 国界 involve: 包括, 使陷于,卷入，涉及 additional: 附加的，另外的 tariff: 关税 due to: 由于 delay: 耽搁，延迟 associate with:　与…联系在一起，联合 difference: 差异 legal system: 法律制度，法律体系

　　中文意思：国际贸易中的成本通常会明显高于国内贸易。原因是国际贸易通过一个国境时通常会产生附加的成本，比如关税，边境延误产生的时间成本，以及由于国与国之间语言、法律体制或者文化等方面的差异所产生的成本。

　　2、生产要素差异

　　英文原文：Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across national borders.

　　注释：factors of production: 生产要素 capital and labor: 资本和劳动力 mobile: 移动的，流动的

　　中文意思：国内贸易与国际贸易的另一个差异在于生产要素的流动，比如资本和劳动力在一国国内的流动比跨越国境的流动要容易得多。转自环 球 网 校edu24ol.com

　　英文原文：Thus, international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services.

　　注释：mostly: (most) 主要地 be restricted to: 仅限于…，限制在… (restrict: 限制，约束)

　　中文意思：如此一来，国际贸易主要限于货物和服务的交易。

　　英文原文：Then, trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of importing the factor of production, a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of production and are thus embodying the respective factor.

　　注释：serve as: 被用作..., 充当..., 起...的作用 substitute: 代替品，代替物 instead of: 代替，而不是… intensive: 密集的，精深的，加强的 embodying (embody): 体现，包括，包含 respective: 各自的，分别的

　　中文意思：那么，货物与服务的贸易可替代生产要素的贸易。一国可进口生产要素密集型的货物，这一货物分别包含了各生产要素，而不用进口生产要素。

　　英文原文：An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing labor, the United States is importing goods from China that were produced with Chinese labor.

　　注释：an example: 举例，例子 labor-intensive: 劳动密集型的 United States: 美国

　　中文意思：例如美国从中国进口劳动密集型的货物。美国从中国进口的是用中国劳动力生产的货物而不是进口劳动力。

　　3、国际经济的命脉

　　英文原文：International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.

　　注释：branch: 分支，支系 together with: 和，加之;共同，一起 international finance: 国际金融 form: 构成，形成，组成

　　中文意思：国际贸易是经济的一条命脉，它与国际金融共同构成了国际经济更大的命脉。

　　国际贸易主要包括了两个方面的风险：经济风险和政治风险。

　　1、经济风险

　　英文原文：Economic risks include the risk of insolvency of the buyer; the risk of the failure of the buyer to pay the amount due within six months after the due date; the risk of non-acceptance; the risk of exchange rate, and so on.

　　注释：include: 包括，包含 insolvency: 无力偿还，破产 failure: 失败，无支付能力 amount: 金额，款额 due: 到期的，应付的 non-acceptance: 不接受, 不兑现, 拒绝承兑 exchange rate: 外汇汇率，外汇汇价

　　中文意思：经济风险包括：买方破产;买方到期日后六个月内不支付应付款额;拒绝承兑;外汇风险等。

　　2、政治风险

　　英文原文：Political risks include the risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licenses; war risks; risk of expropriation or confiscation of the importer’s company; risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods; transfer risk ― imposition of exchange controls by the importer’s country or foreign currency shortages; and influence of political parties on an importer’s company.

　　注释：cancellation: 注销，作废，取消 non-renewal ：不更换license: 许可(证)，执照 expropriation: 征用, 收用, 征收 confiscation: 没收, 充公, 征用 importer: 进口商，输入者 imposition: 强迫接受，征税，负担 import ban: 进口禁令(ban: 禁令)shipment: 装船，装运 transfer risk: 转让风险(transfer: 交付，转让(财产等))exchange controls: 外汇管制 foreign currency ：外币 shortage: 缺乏，不足influence: 影响力, 权力, 势力 political parties: 政党

　　中文意思：政治风险主要包括：取消或不更换出口或进口许可证;战争风险;进口商公司被征用或者充公;货物装船后强制实施进口禁令;转让风险――进口商所在国家采取的强制性的外汇管制或者外币紧缺;以及该国政党对进口商公司的影响。