4.作业

　　4.1 按要求回答下列几个问题

　　A. 主句中的基本主谓宾结构是什么?

　　B. 出现了那些修饰成分?属于什么成分?

　　C. 修饰成分中，如果是从句的，从句中的动作与动作发起者是谁?

　　D. 如何通过还原的方式进行结构的确定?

　　1.Although a surge in retail sales have raised hopes that a recovery is finally underway, many economists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last.

　　主句中主谓宾 economist say that

　　宾语从句：that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last.

　　

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　　其中主语是 the recovery 动作是 last without a large amount of spending 是条件状语

　　在 although 引导的让步状语从句中 主谓宾： a surge have raised hopes 介词短语 in retail sales 修饰 a surge

　　Hopes that a recovery is finally underway 同位语从句，高亮部分与 hopes 同位。

　　2.Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation's third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.

　　主句中主谓 diabetes ranks

　　虽然, together with its serious complications,明显是一个插入结构，但是一定不能“跳读”，而应该用扫读的方 式。因为插入成分当中的某些细节信息能够验证和解释主句中的相应成分。这道例题就是一个再好不过的 例子。当我们做语法题的时候，第一个步骤一般都是判断动作发起者的单复数。对于不知道 diabetes 是糖尿 病(单数)的同学，如何判断它的单复数成了难题。但是如果仔细看过插入成分就不难发现，其中用了 its 来表示从属于动作发起者的 complications, 那么我们就能在不认识 diabetes 的情况下判断出它是一个单数 名词。

　　定语从句 surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.通过还原，the leading cause of death is surpassed only by heart disease and cancer. Surpassed 的动作发起者是 the leading cause of death 指的是 diabetes

　　3. When Congress reconvenes, some newly elected members from rural states will try to establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain farmers will be allowed to grow and to encourage more aggressive sales of United States farm products overseas.

　　主句中主谓 members will try

　　To establish 与 to engcourage 是并列成分 可通过还原

　　farmers will be allowed to grow 看似出现了语法错误，缺少了先行词，但实际上它符合了 that 在宾语从句中 可以省略的条件，用于修饰 the amount.

　　4. The decision by one of the nation's largest banks to admit to $3 billion in potential losses on foreign loans could mean less lending by commercial banks to developing countries and increased pressure on multigovernment lenders to supply the funds.

　　主句中主谓 the decision could mean less lending and increased pressure 两个并列的宾语

　　by one of the nation's largest banks to admit to $3 billion in potential losses on foreign loans 修饰 decision by commercial banks to developing countries 修饰 lending

　　on multigovernment lenders to supply the funds 修饰 pressure

　　5. Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.

　　主句主谓 Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan 宾补

　　定语从句 the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.

　　其中 the site 为 Mohenjo-Daro excavation 的同位语

　　定语从句 that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile delta and the river

　　

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　　valleys of the Tigris and

　　Euphrates 修饰的是 civilization

　　其中 that 作为主语，因此不可省略

　　6. Doctors generally agree that such factors as cigarette smoking, eating rich foods high in fats, and alcohol consumption not only do damage by themselves but also aggravate genetic predispositions toward certain diseases.

　　主句主谓 doctors agree A(宾语从句)

　　宾语从句 that such factors as cigarette smoking, eating rich foods high in fats, and alcohol consumption not only do damage by themselves but also aggravate genetic predispositions toward certain diseases.

　　7. His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of present-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas.

　　主句主谓 his studies led Louis Agassiz

　　of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland 修饰 studies

　　far outside the range of present-day glaciers 插入状语，可忽略

　　to propose the concept 宾语补足语，补充说明 louis Agassiz 干了什么

　　of an age 修饰 concept

　　in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas 定语从句修饰 an age

　　4.2按要求回答问题

　　A. 写出句子主干及从句中的主干

　　B. 分别列出主干句中各主要成分的修饰成分

　　例: The GDP assumes that the economic significance of goods and services lies solely in their price, and that these goods and services add to the national well-being, not because of any intrinsic value they may possess, but simply because they were produced and bought.(p22, OG verbal)

　　⑴ the GDP assumes thatA and thatB

　　A:The significance lies in price

　　B: goods and services add to well-being

　　⑵ not because of any intrinsic value they may possess, but simply because they were produced and bought共同修饰B 为原因状语从句.不难看出，主句是GDP assumes XXX, 主语GDP、谓语assumes而宾语则是that引导的从句。当我们看到“，and”的时候要格外注意，and前后两个平行成分到底是什么。看见其后的”that”才明白，原来assume 的宾语是由and连接的两个由that引导的宾语从句集合。接下来再分析从句当中的具体内容，整个句子的 逻辑关系就能得到清晰的理解了。关于not because of any intrinsic value they may possess, but simply because they were produced and bought.这个原因状语从句，要格外注意。因为其出现在从句中，故修 饰的是add这个动作。

　　1. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would agree with which of the following about the

　　

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　　“economic significance” of those goods and services that are included in the GDP(p23,Q3)

　　⑴ThatA can be inferred

　　ThatA: the author would agree with whichB短语

　　⑵the author：of the passage

　　Which: of the following; about the “economic significance” of those goods and services

　　“economic significance”: of those goods and services

　　2. Symbiotic cells of algae known as zooxanthellae carry out photosynthesis using the metabolic wastes of the corals, thereby producing food for themselves, for their coral hosts, and even for other members of the reef community.

　　⑴cells carry out photosynthesis

　　⑵algae: known as zooxanthellae; using the metabolic wastes of the corals, thereby producing food for themselves…

　　3. As the cost of wireless service has steadily dropped over the last year and as mobile phones have become increasingly common, many people are finding that they can avoid toll charges on their home phones by using their mobile phones to make long-distance calls at night or on weekends, when many wireless companies provide unlimited airtime for a small monthly fee.

　　⑴many people are finding that A

　　thatA: they can avoid toll charges

　　⑵are finding: as the cost of wireless service has steadily dropped over the last year and as mobile phones have become increasingly common

　　avoid: by using their mobile phones to make long-distance calls at night or on weekends, when many wireless companies provide unlimited airtime for a small monthly fee.

　　4. The rise in the commerce department’s index of leading economic indicators suggests that the economy will continue to expand in the coming months, but the mixed performance of the index’s individual components indicates that economic growth will proceed at a more moderate pace than in the first quarter of this year.

　　⑴ the rise suggests thatA but the performance indicates thatB

　　thatA: the economy will continue to expand thatB: growth will proceed

　　⑵ the rise: in the commerce department’s index

　　Index: of leading economic indicators

　　Expand: in the comingmonths

　　Performance: mixed, of the index’s individual components

　　Proceed: at a more moderate pace than in the first quarter of this year

　　5. Almost a decade after New York State passed laws to protect patients by reducing the grueling hours worked by medical residents, an investigation of twelve hospitals by state medical officials has found that all twelve consistently break the laws, that many residents work longer than 24 hours straight, and that more than half the surgical residents work more than 95 hours a week.

　　⑴investigation has found thatA, thatB and thatC

　　thatA: twelve break the laws thatB: residents work